When Did Toilet Paper Get Invented, and Why Do We Still Use It in the Age of Smart Toilets?

When Did Toilet Paper Get Invented, and Why Do We Still Use It in the Age of Smart Toilets?

Toilet paper, a seemingly mundane yet indispensable product, has a history that intertwines with human civilization, hygiene practices, and technological advancements. Its invention and evolution reflect not only our quest for cleanliness but also the cultural, economic, and environmental shifts over centuries. This article explores the origins of toilet paper, its journey through history, and its relevance in today’s world, where smart toilets and bidets are becoming increasingly popular.


The Origins of Toilet Paper: A Historical Perspective

The invention of toilet paper dates back to ancient China, around the 6th century AD. Historical records suggest that the Chinese were the first to use paper for personal hygiene, a practice that was initially reserved for royalty and the elite. By the 14th century, during the Ming Dynasty, toilet paper production had become more widespread, with millions of sheets being manufactured annually for imperial use. This early adoption of toilet paper highlights the Chinese civilization’s advanced understanding of hygiene and resourcefulness.

In contrast, other parts of the world relied on less refined materials for personal hygiene. Ancient Romans used a sponge on a stick, known as a “tersorium,” which was shared among public toilet users—a practice that seems unthinkable by modern standards. In medieval Europe, people used leaves, moss, or even their hands, while wealthier individuals might have used wool or lace. The disparity in hygiene practices across cultures underscores the varying levels of technological and societal development.


The Industrial Revolution and the Mass Production of Toilet Paper

The modern toilet paper as we know it today began to take shape during the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. In 1857, Joseph Gayetty of New York introduced the first commercially available toilet paper in the United States, marketed as “Gayetty’s Medicated Paper.” This product was infused with aloe and sold in flat sheets, packaged in boxes. Gayetty’s invention was revolutionary, but it was also expensive, limiting its accessibility to the wealthy.

The real breakthrough came in 1890 when the Scott Paper Company, founded by brothers Clarence and E. Irvin Scott, began selling toilet paper on rolls. This innovation made toilet paper more affordable and convenient, paving the way for its widespread adoption. By the early 20th century, toilet paper had become a household staple in many parts of the world, symbolizing the intersection of hygiene, convenience, and mass production.


Cultural Attitudes and the Global Spread of Toilet Paper

The adoption of toilet paper has not been uniform across cultures. In many parts of Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, bidets and water-based cleaning methods have traditionally been preferred over dry paper. For example, in Japan, the Washlet—a high-tech toilet with built-in bidet functions—has become a symbol of modern luxury and hygiene. Similarly, in India, the use of water and the left hand remains a common practice, rooted in cultural and religious traditions.

In Western countries, however, toilet paper has become deeply ingrained in daily life. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted this cultural divide when panic buying led to widespread shortages of toilet paper in the United States, Australia, and Europe. This phenomenon sparked debates about the psychological and cultural significance of toilet paper, with some arguing that it represents a sense of security and control in times of uncertainty.


Environmental Concerns and the Future of Toilet Paper

As awareness of environmental issues grows, the production and consumption of toilet paper have come under scrutiny. Traditional toilet paper is made from virgin wood pulp, contributing to deforestation and habitat destruction. According to a 2019 report by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), the average American uses approximately 141 rolls of toilet paper per year, resulting in significant environmental impact.

In response, eco-friendly alternatives have emerged, including recycled toilet paper, bamboo-based products, and even reusable cloth wipes. Companies like Who Gives A Crap and Seventh Generation have gained popularity by offering sustainable options that prioritize environmental responsibility. Additionally, the rise of bidets and smart toilets, which use water instead of paper, presents a promising solution to reduce waste and conserve resources.


The Role of Technology: Smart Toilets and Beyond

The advent of smart toilets represents a paradigm shift in personal hygiene. Equipped with features such as heated seats, automatic lid opening, and built-in bidets, these devices offer a level of comfort and cleanliness that traditional toilet paper cannot match. Some models even include sensors that analyze waste for health monitoring, providing valuable insights into the user’s well-being.

Despite their advantages, smart toilets face challenges in terms of cost, accessibility, and cultural acceptance. In regions where water scarcity is a concern, the use of bidets may not be feasible. Moreover, the high upfront cost of smart toilets limits their adoption to affluent households, raising questions about equity and accessibility.


Conclusion: Toilet Paper in the Age of Innovation

Toilet paper, a product with humble beginnings in ancient China, has evolved into a global commodity that reflects our values, priorities, and technological advancements. While its future may be uncertain in the face of environmental challenges and emerging alternatives, its legacy as a symbol of hygiene and convenience is undeniable. As we navigate the complexities of sustainability and innovation, the story of toilet paper serves as a reminder of the interconnectedness of history, culture, and progress.


  1. What materials were used before the invention of toilet paper? Before toilet paper, people used a variety of materials, including leaves, moss, stones, sponges, and even their hands, depending on the culture and availability of resources.

  2. How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected toilet paper consumption? The pandemic led to a surge in demand for toilet paper, driven by panic buying and stockpiling. This highlighted the psychological importance of toilet paper as a symbol of security and preparedness.

  3. What are the environmental impacts of traditional toilet paper production? Traditional toilet paper production contributes to deforestation, habitat destruction, and water pollution due to the use of virgin wood pulp and chemical bleaching processes.

  4. What are some sustainable alternatives to traditional toilet paper? Sustainable alternatives include recycled toilet paper, bamboo-based products, and reusable cloth wipes. Bidets and smart toilets also offer eco-friendly solutions by reducing paper waste.

  5. How do cultural attitudes influence the use of toilet paper? Cultural attitudes play a significant role in the adoption of toilet paper. In some regions, water-based cleaning methods are preferred, while in others, toilet paper is deeply ingrained in daily life.

  6. What are the benefits of smart toilets compared to traditional toilet paper? Smart toilets offer benefits such as improved hygiene, reduced environmental impact, and advanced features like health monitoring. However, they are often expensive and may not be accessible to everyone.